How much does VR surgical planning cost?

“Analyses indicated statistically significant difference in ischemia time favoring RG (p = 0.045), with a mean difference of 3.8 minutes.”

p = 0.045

“Preoperative visualization of the iVR model resulted in a changed calyx of entry in 30% of cases.”

30%

“Between modalities, no significant differences were found; HD and RMSE were 2.95 ± 0.94 mm and 1.28 ± 0.49 mm.”

“Thirty-two urologists surveyed reported using 3D imaging for preoperative evaluation (84%) and to understand anatomy (75%), with 97% reporting clinical benefits and 85% indicating that it improved the quality of surgery.”

97%

“Most participants were favorable about the VR model and considered HMD as superior to a flat computer screen. 91% of the participants agreed or somewhat agreed that VR through HMD is cost effective.”

91%

“However, challenges like high costs, lack of haptic feedback, and steep learning curves limit widespread use.”

“XR use decreased operative time, with AR reducing intraoperative perforator localization time from 20 min using handheld Doppler US to 2.3 min.”

2.3 min

“High cost, lack of numerous skilled operators, user discomfort, and no proper ethical protocols are critical hindrances that need to be addressed.”

“The principal barriers are the absence of robust haptic feedback, cost, limited validation, cybersickness, and a scarcity of outcome-driven randomised trials.”

“However, current limitations include insufficient computational and display capabilities of head‐mounted displays, inadequate accuracy in spatial registration, high costs, workflow complexity, and unresolved ethical concerns.”

“However, challenges remain, particularly with respect to clinical validation, cost-effectiveness, and ethical considerations.”

“Currently, the primary limitations are varying accuracy of models, available evidence for use, uptake by surgeons, and cost of the technology.”

“Virtual reality/AR technology offers significant potential in various aspects, including student education, resident evaluation, surgical planning, and overall surgical implementation.”

“The incorporation of 3D reconstruction modeling has significantly enhanced our understanding of patient anatomy and morphology, thereby improving diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes.”

“Challenges include cost, ergonomics, rapid segmentation, and organ motion.”

“Our review highlights the need for a robust assessment of the effectiveness of the methods and discusses the technical limitations that hinder the complete integration of AR and VR in cardiology, including cost-effectiveness and regulatory compliance.”

“The main results indicated that the use of MR technology in OGS led to high accuracy and time reduction as primary outcomes and cost-effectiveness and skill improvement as secondary outcomes.”

“However, adoption faces challenges such as high costs, infrastructure needs, and regulatory hurdles.”