2 studies in the library address this question.
Since July 1, 2026, AMA CPT Category III codes 1030T to 1035T describe creating a digital 3D model, digital simulation and computational analysis, and CMS lists a hospital outpatient rate for them. Coverage varies by payer. The details are on our billing codes page. The studies in the library mostly predate these codes: authors noted that there was no CPT code for 3D model creation (Wake 2021), and that many programs fund these services from imaging department overhead, research or philanthropic funds (Ganigara 2026).
Study designs: 1 review and 1 case report, case series or technical report.
Counts come from the studies' own design labels in the library.
Specialties with enough studies link to a page for that specialty and question.
Ganigara M et al. · Pediatric cardiology · 2026
Congenital heart · Narrative review
“Current evidence, though modest and largely single-centre, consistently shows that 3D models can faithfully represent complex anatomy and that clinicians repeatedly report improved comprehension of spatial relationships through their use.”
Wake N et al. · 3D printing in medicine · 2021
Urology · Technical note
Summarises published research on VR/AR surgical planning across all platforms. Not product labelling. For Elucis indications see /elucis.
Intended for healthcare professionals.
Summaries and quotes describe each study's methods and the findings its authors report. They are not claims by Realize Medical and may contain errors: please read the original paper. Inclusion is not an endorsement of any product or use.