Does VR surgical planning reduce operating time?

“During an operative workshop, a surgeon using AR glasses projected virtual, annotated specimen models back into the resection bed onto a cadaver within approximately 10 minutes.”

10 minutes

“The overall planning time (AR = 119 ± 44 s, conventional = 187 ± 56 s) was significantly reduced through the adoption of the AR workflow”

AR = 119 ± 44 s, conventional = 187 ± 56 s

“All our participants recreated 3D models in a relatively short time, maintaining a good overall quality (average quality score ≥ 3 on a scale of 1-5).”

“Mean hologram segmentation time was 39.4 ± 20.4 minutes.”

39.4 ± 20.4 minutes

“Matched pair analysis with the standard ECIRS group revealed a significantly shorter radiation exposure time for the 3D MR group (p < 0.001) even though the puncture time was longer in comparison to the standard group (p < 0.001).”

p < 0.001

“the median pre-CPB time per MAPCAs was significantly shorter [25.7 (14.0, 46.3) vs. 65 (41.3, 75.0) min, p = 0.031]”

p = 0.031

“3D imaging reduced the intraoperative preparation time (n = 24, 59 ± 23 min vs. 73 ± 43 min, P < 0.05).”

59 ± 23 min vs. 73 ± 43 min

“The use of VR led to a significant decrease in operative time and bleeding while increasing the surgeon's satisfaction compared to the control group.”

“Tumor assignment was significantly shorter with 3D PR models compared to 3D PDF (P<0.001) or VR application (P<0.001).”

P<0.001

“Moreover, the assessment duration was significantly shorter with the fusion imaging technique than with the three-dimensional MR (P<0.05).”

P<0.05

“The MRI analysis time was significantly lower with the DIVA system than with the slice-based visualization for residents, practitioners, and subsequently the entire group (P < .001).”

P < .001

“The median time for correct identification was 23.5 [4-138] s using the magnetic resonance imaging images and 6.00 [1-35] s using HoloLens (p < 0.001)”

p < 0.001

“A 37% reduction in fluoroscopy time, from 11.7 min to 7.4 minutes, was observed with AR when compared prospectively, which did not reach statistical significance (P = .12)”

P = .12

“The evaluation time was shorter for HR (mean 1.7 vs. 3.4 min, p < 0.0001).”

p < 0.0001

“When controlling for case complexity and surgeon, patients with 3-dimensional, virtual reality-assisted surgical planning had significantly lower operative time (141 minutes vs 201 minutes, P < .0001), clamp time (13.2 minutes vs 17.4 minutes, P = .0274)”

P < .0001

“Since December 2024, generating cinematic-rendered 3D models with the upgraded MR software platform (version 2) has taken an average of 61 minutes (49–156).”

61 minutes

“Median time for model generation was 20.6 minutes (IQR 18.5, 22.0).”

20.6 minutes

“Median VR processing times were 3.0 min for model generation, 5.0 min for refinement, 4.0 min for procedural simulation, and 7.0 min for extended anatomical analysis, defined as immersive evaluation of anatomical structures beyond the primary contrast-opacified target region.”

3.0 min

“Compared with the control group, the MR group exhibited significantly shorter operation duration (70.91 ± 8.533 vs. 77.48 ± 8.474 min, Z = -2.785, p = 0.005)”

p = 0.005

“Mean preoperative planning time was reduced by 34% (-42 h; 95% CI: -48 to -36 h; p < 0.01) compared with historical controls.”

34%

“Postoperative statistics indicated that the operation time for the MR group was significantly shorter than that of the control group (102.00(98.00 103.00) minutes vs. 103.50(101.00 106.75) minutes, p = 0.017).”

p = 0.017

“Median operative time was 183 versus 248 min (p = 0.42).”

p = 0.42

“Although a slight increase in procedure time was observed in a few cases, MR did not significantly prolong SP or H.”

“The additional planning time for segmentation averaged 45 min.”

45 min

“Operative time was shorter in the VR group but lacked statistical significance”

“The mean surgical duration was approximately 5 hours 11 minutes, with a mean intraoperative blood loss of 507.5 ml.”

“The VR planning was well integrated into the clinical workflow, and imaging processing time was 30 to 40 minutes.”

30 to 40 minutes

“In comparison to traditional RAPN, MR technology demonstrates the ability to decrease operation time and warm ischemia time all the while maintaining equivalent curative outcomes.”

“Compared to traditional hepatectomy in Group B, MR-assisted hepatectomy in Group A yielded a shorter operation time (202.86 ± 46.02 min vs 229.52 ± 57.13 min, P = 0.003)”

P = 0.003

“The mean procedure time was significantly lower for the VR group compared with the control group (247.80 minutes vs 328.27 minutes; p = 0.0115), particularly for the patients with a CC score of 2 (95% CI, p = 0.0064).”

p = 0.0115

“The average operative time in the traditional CT guidance group was 300 minute versus 134 minutes in the 3D VR group.”

134 minutes

“Surgeons were able to perform the steps in an efficient time despite limited experience.”

“The participants used on average 14.3 min (SD = 3.59) to plan the cases in VR.”

14.3 min

“The average times for creating 1 bifurcated and 1 tube-shaped graft after a single 10-minute training session were 13.40 and 5.49 minutes, respectively, with 3 out 5 bifurcated and 1 out of 5 tube-shaped graft designs being in the benchmark range of hepatic flow distribution.”

13.40 and 5.49 minutes

“The studies indicated that using a joystick improved the interactive capacity and enabled operator to plan MRgPBx in less time.”

“XR use decreased operative time, with AR reducing intraoperative perforator localization time from 20 min using handheld Doppler US to 2.3 min.”

2.3 min

“There was no statistically significant difference in puncture time between MR-assisted and standard groups (SMD = -0.64; 95% CI -2.22 to 0.93; p = 0.42), with considerable heterogeneity.”

p = 0.42

“AI algorithms increased the accuracy of tumor detection and treatment planning, while VR-based planning and augmented reality guidance improved surgical margins and reduced operative time.”

“Preoperative VR was associated with shorter operative times than conventional Doppler ultrasound (478±56.94 vs 606.29 ± 81.94 min, P<0.05).”

P<0.05

“Virtual reality demonstrated better visualization of patient-specific anatomy and was more time efficient than CT angiography.”

“The implementation of virtual reality has been shown to yield cost savings in healthcare, reduce procedure time, minimize radiation exposure, lower intravenous contrast usage, and decrease the extent of anesthesia required.”

“MR technology significantly improves OGS planning efficiency by providing pre-surgical information and serving as an intraoperative navigation tool, reducing surgical time without compromising outcomes.”

“Overall, 3D technologies are gradually becoming an integral part of a surgeon's preoperative toolbox, allowing for increased surgical accuracy and reduction of operation time, mainly in complex and unique surgical cases.”

“This review demonstrates that time spent rehearsing and visualizing patient-specific anatomical relationships in VR may improve operative efficiency and communication across multiple surgical specialties.”

“Harvesting time (p < 0.012) and operative time (p < 0.01) in DIEP-flap procedures and mandibular angle osteotomies, respectively, were significantly reduced if AR was used.”

p < 0.012

“The mean total preparation time (mean ± standard deviation, SD) was 40.6 ± 10.3 min for MR-HMD visualization and 108.8 ± 17.8 min for 3D-printed models, excluding printing, washing, and curing time.”

40.6 ± 10.3 min

“The average time for establishing the main tract was 2.3 ± 0.3 minutes, and the average total operative time was 61.5 ± 12.2 minutes.”

2.3 ± 0.3 minutes

“The system reduces the surgical planning time by 91%.”

91%

“VR planning was completed directly by the surgeon without engineer assistance, with a total planning time of 5 minutes.”

5 minutes

“In the comparative analysis, the MxR group showed comparable accuracy to the conventional method but required fewer reattempts (3 vs 10) and less time (6.7 vs 14.6 minutes; P < .01).”

6.7 vs 14.6 minutes

“Deployed in routine clinical workflows at La Paz University Hospital, the platform has demonstrated reduced preoperative planning times and improved surgical accuracy.”

“The process was time-efficient, with a total of under 8 minutes per case for data acquisition and model creation, and resource-efficient with surgeons reporting sufficient quality of smartphone-derived models.”

8 minutes

“Preoperative modeling required 15.3 ± 5.1 min, while AR navigation averaged 12.7 ± 3.2 min.”

15.3 ± 5.1 min

“Comparing the 17 pairs of matched MxR and non-MxR cases, no statistically significant differences exist in the groups regarding blood loss, length of stay nor duration of surgery.”

“It takes, on average, 10 minutes to place 4 implants in the virtual reality space.”

10 minutes

“However, we observe that substantial time is required to set up the AR system prior to each clinical case discussion by the neurosurgical team.”

“The average time taken to mark each perforator is 7.7 ± 6.5 s, with an average absolute error of 6.8 ± 2.6 mm and an estimated average deviation of 3.6 ± 1.4 mm.”

7.7 ± 6.5 s

“The presented setup involved human interaction (no automation, no application programming interface used for data exchange among collaborators) in four different locations with a net workload of 173 min until clinical readiness on the AR system, and the evaluation considers therefore a pre-automation/implementation scenario.”

173 min

“The morphological analysis of the holographic anatomical models was successfully applied for all the patients (n ​= ​4) independently from the morphology and it was performed in less than 10 minutes.”

less than 10 minutes

“Excellent cosmetic results, decreased operative time, and a feasible workflow were achieved.”

“Data import, segmentation, and reduction of fractures within VR took on average approximately 5 minutes, and transfer of the plan to the navigation platform took 4 minutes.”

5 minutes

“Holographic models required less time and cost for fabrication.”

“The median post-processing time to get VR models using DIVA was 5 min in comparison to 8 h (range 8-12 h including printing time) for 3D models (PDF/printed).”

5 min

“The three-dimensional renderings are quick to set up (15 min), and the examination of the anatomy is useful for choosing the surgical approach.”

15 min

“This method can be quicker than the traditional way and eliminates sizer implants from the process.”